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57 pages 1 hour read

After

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 2011

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Chapters 22-30Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 22 Summary

Felix and Yuli hug one another. Yuli explains that she was knocked unconscious by a grenade and woke up in an entirely new camp to find Szulk in charge. Felix introduces the children and explains that the former Hitler Youth are now on the partisan side, fighting against the Nazis. Yuli relates that the Nazis are blowing up everything as they retreat from Poland to Germany. She tells Felix that there is a slim chance his parents are alive for the prisoners at the camp they were taken to have been marched to a different concentration camp within Germany. Felix demands that she take him to Germany, but she refuses. However, she thinks she can arrange for Russian soldiers to take him there.

Led by Yuli, the children return to the bombed-out town. The children watch as Yuli speaks to a Russian soldier about taking Felix to Germany. Fearing that the Russians might assume the boys are Nazis, Felix makes them start a soccer game so the Russians can see Jewish and German kids playing together. Yuli tells Felix that the Russians will take him to the camp where his parents may be. Realizing that he must leave the children, Felix shares an emotional goodbye with them, with Dom, and with Yuli, whom he does not want to leave. He gives her the last ring he saved from the partisans’ supplies and embraces her.

Chapter 23 Summary

Only a few minutes into Felix’s journey with the Russian soldiers, he grows anxious. He is riding in an ambulance full of medical personnel. Along the way, they see many wounded people who need care, but the ambulance never stops. Felix reproaches himself because he does not want the ambulance to stop either. He wants to find the camp where his parents might be. Felix becomes lost in his fantasies about helping his parents rebuild their bookstore. Occasionally he wonders if the store might still be standing but quickly pushes that thought out of his mind.

At one point, the ambulance leaves the column of other vehicles and pulls onto a farm, where all the men take guns from under their seats. They order Felix to stay in the ambulance while they go into the farmhouse. He wonders, “What type of medical treatment involves shootings?” (182). Confused as to why there are screams and gunshots coming from the farmhouse, Felix goes in and immediately wishes that he had not. He cannot open his eyes once he gets back in the ambulance because he witnessed the Russians committing atrocities against German women. Then, the Russians begin to celebrate wildly. News comes over the radio in six languages that the war is over, and the Germans have surrendered.

Chapter 24 Summary

On the day the war ends, the Russians drop Felix off at the concentration camp to which he assumes his parents were relocated. He is surprised at the appearance of the camp, since it almost seems deserted and stands with the gates wide open. He sees Russian soldiers running bulldozers and working with what seem to be piles of rubbish; soon, however, he realizes that the piles consist of endless bodies. Systematically, Felix walks through shed after shed, first calling out his parents’ names and then calling out the name of his hometown. A fragile man lying on a bed grabs his arm as he walks by. Felix recognizes him as Mr. Rosenfeld, a man from his hometown whom he has not seen in seven years. Mr. Rosenfeld tells him that Felix’s father has died. He believes, however, that Felix’s mother may still be alive. He gets out of his bunk and laboriously walks Felix to where his mother is. Mr. Rosenfeld takes him into a shed and points out a bunk where the “old lady” lies. Felix states, “I start to cry. It’s not an old lady, it’s Mum” (190).

Chapter 25 Summary

Despite her condition, Felix’s mother recognizes him immediately. They lie together on the bunk holding one another. Felix spills out his story, telling her everything that has happened since they were separated. He notices how very difficult it is for her to breathe and recognizes that she is in great pain. Felix finds a Russian doctor who speaks Polish and begs her to examine his mother. The doctor takes him outside and explains that his mother will not survive because the extent of the damage caused by her starvation and disease is far too great.

Chapter 26 Summary

After wrestling with the doctor’s news, Felix goes back to his mother and lies down with her. Though she is sleeping, she wakes with a start and promises Felix that she will not leave him again: “‘Dad didn’t want to leave you,’ she says. ‘When he died, the last thing he said was your name’” (196). As they lie together, Felix tells his mother a fanciful story about how well he has been taken care of through all their time apart. When he finishes, he finds that she is asleep.

Chapter 27 Summary

Lying with his mother in his arms, Felix dreams that he says goodbye to his mother, who responds, “Goodbye, dear Felix […] Thank you for coming into our lives” (198).

Chapter 28 Summary

Felix states, “After I woke up, and saw my dream had come true, I stayed with mum’s body for a long time” (199). It gives Felix some peace of mind to see that his mother has been released from all the pain and misery she experienced. The Russian doctor tells Felix that he can take his mother to the grave for the morning funeral service. Because bulldozers dig the grave and transport the bodies, Felix decides that he will carry his mother himself. He places her gently in the grave and covers her with dirt using his own hands. The doctor finds him again and hands him the compass, which he had left lying on his mother’s bunk.

Chapter 29 Summary

Felix seeks permission from the doctors to become a nurse and assists those who are gravely ill in the concentration camp, “helping them have a wash if they want one. Helping them eat some food if there is any. Talking to them if they feel like it. Holding their hand” (202). He also sits with Mr. Rosenfeld as the man dies. Afterward, Felix goes outside and cries, which the Russian doctor explains is necessary so that he can let go of each person that he ministers to. After sitting with a 19-year-old man named Misha and giving him his compass, Felix sits despondently on the man’s bed. When a hand touches him on his shoulder, he thinks it is one of the doctors but turns to see that it is Gabriek.

Chapter 30 Summary

Once reunited, Felix and Gabriek return to the partisans’ forest camp. They check the hollow tree where each left keepsakes and find that their treasures are still there. Suddenly, they hear Szulk, who points his gun at Gabriek and Felix. Felix protests that Gabriek is not a Jew. Szulk says, “Jew-lovers are just as bad […] Poland doesn’t need any of you” (207). Gabriek leaps at Szulk, who clubs him with his gun. Felix reaches inside his jacket as the men scuffle and produces a razor-sharp scalpel, with which he slashes Szulk across the chest, leaving him helpless. Felix stands above him deciding whether he should take the life of this man who has wanted to kill him from the first moment they met. Ultimately, Felix chooses to be a mender rather than a killer. With Gabriek’s help, he stitches up the slash across Szulk’s chest, smashes his gun, and the two of them walk away.

Chapters 22-30 Analysis

Wartime Hazards for Civilians is a theme that Gleitzman develops throughout the narrative. While Jewish civilians are particularly at risk, the author makes it clear that war can be equally lethal to any non-combatant, no matter what their political affiliation or personal beliefs happen to be. In support of this grim reality, Felix witnesses the murder of a Jewish man who cannot continue marching and also a Polish farmer whose farmhouse the Nazis are looting. In the town, he soon learns that even political allies can perpetrate indiscriminate death and destruction, for the Allied bombers inflict collateral damage and cause much carnage, including the death of a Polish woman who hid three Jewish sisters her neighbor, who stole and hoarded food. Throughout the story, Felix remembers the civilians he loved who were intentionally killed by the Nazis in earlier installments of Gleitzman’s series: Zelda, the dentist Barney, and Gabriek’s wife Genia.

While the precarious nature of civilian survival in war zones pervades the action of the novel, it is most clearly expressed in the final section of the narrative. As the German boys stand around Dom’s cart in the town square of their hometown, Felix’s past experiences with the capriciousness of soldiers on all sides compel him to realize that the supposedly friendly Russians might mistake the boys for Nazi sympathizers and shoot them. The irony of the situation is that, just a few days prior, the German boys would have been completely safe in the Nazi-occupied square and the Jewish girls would have been subject to summary execution. Riding with Russians to the concentration camp where his parents might be and eager to arrive there as quickly as possible, Felix castigates himself for his own unwillingness to leave the Russian column and treat the many gravely wounded Polish citizens. Civilian deaths in wartime, the author therefore implies, are often the result of neglecting the wounded who might otherwise have been saved. Adding to the horror of the passive neglect of injured citizens, however, are the deliberate atrocities committed by combatants against civilians that result in their deaths. Felix sees this firsthand when the ambulance in which he rides arbitrarily stops at a German farmhouse and the medical personnel enter the home to abuse and murder the women within.

Yet even these atrocities pale in comparison to the utter carnage that Gleitzman describes as Felix finally arrives at the aftermath of the concentration camp, for in order to help young readers grasp the true magnitude of the innocent civilians who lost their lives in Nazi death camps, the author describes the shock Felix feels as he realizes that the Russian bulldozers are moving piles not of debris, but of human bodies. Thus, the author does his utmost to ensure that his readers grasp the brutality of the Holocaust on a visceral level and fully understand the atrocities of war for civilians did not simply stop when the Germans pulled back from Poland or even when they surrendered and the war officially “ended.” The entire plotline of After takes place in the first five months of 1945, the time frame when the Nazis realized that they were losing the war. Whether despite this realization or because of it, the Nazis engaged in a ruthless, destructive binge in the midst of their retreat. Gleitzman captures this grisly pattern in the narrative with the description of burning farms, destroyed infrastructure, and most significantly, the forced march of concentration camp prisoners from Poland to camps within Germany, where the arbitrary, ruthless destruction of civilian life continued unabated. Taking their prisoners to Germany was an attempt on the part of the Nazis to disguise the reality and vastness of what they had done. Historians record that the overcrowding of the camps brought about by these forced marches from the camps beyond Germany resulted in lethal epidemics among the survivors. A typical rampant illness was typus, which had a 60% fatality rate among concentration camp prisoners. Felix’s mother therefore epitomizes the plight of those who lived past the end of the war but never left the camps. So often, novels about wars and military conflicts focus only upon the combatants: specifically, the conditions they face and the success of their efforts. In a deliberate departure from this pattern, Gleitzman strives to describe the true impact that war has upon those who never take up arms.

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