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Summary
Chapter Summaries & Analyses
Character Analysis
Themes
Symbols & Motifs
Important Quotes
Essay Topics
Tools
Content Warning: This section of the guide quotes and obscures the source text’s use of the n-word.
Américo Paredes’s George Washington Gómez opens on a view of the arid chapparal of southeastern Texas. A group of white Texas Rangers, led by a man named MacDougal, encounter two men on a buggy. One of the men is Lupe García, while the other is only referred to as “El Negro.” The Rangers question Lupe, who claims to only be carrying soap, and is allowed to pass. When one of MacDougal’s fellow Rangers declares he is suspicious of Lupe and posits following and killing him while he camps, MacDougal recalls a story of how Lupe escaped being killed by the law before, and that he is likely not with the specific group they are hunting: “Lupe is a business man. He steals money. Or cattle. He wouldn’t join up with a crazy bunch like De la Peña’s and their Republic of the Southwest. There’s no money in it” (10).
Soon after, the Rangers encounter Doc Berry driving by in a Ford Model T. Doc Berry is accompanied by Gumersindo Gómez, a fair-skinned, redheaded Mexicotexan whose wife is currently in labor. The Rangers allow them to pass, and the narrative follows the two men as they return to Gumersindo’s small home. Once there, Doc Berry delivers a baby boy by Gumersindo’s wife, 20-year-old María García Gómez, in the presence of María and Gumersindo’s elder daughters Carmen Gómez and Maruca Gómez, María’s older brother, Feliciano García, and María and Feliciano’s mother, who is only referred to as “the grandmother.” Feliciano distracts himself with a newspaper as María gives birth, referencing the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Austria.
Seven months later, the family debates the newborn boy’s name for his upcoming baptism. María and Gumersindo wish to name him after a great man, hoping to inspire the boy to help his people when he comes of age. After some debate, Gumersindo decides they should name the boy after George Washington. Gumersindo Hispanicizes Washington’s name as “Jorge Wachinton.” The grandmother hears this and further alters the last name as “Guálinto.” The boy is baptized as Guálinto Gómez.
Feliciano camps out on the chaparral outside San Pedrito, in the company of “El Negro.” “El Negro,” Feliciano, and Feliciano’s younger brother, Lupe García, are all members of Anacleto de la Peña’s Republic of the Southwest seditionists, los sediciosos, whose mission has just recently been dealt a fatal blow following De la Peña’s flight back to Mexico.
In flashback, Feliciano and Gumersindo visit San Pedrito together. Feliciano dislikes the local white pastor, deriding religion as a whole and noting that “pastor” is a derogatory term in Spanish. Gumersindo is less antagonistic and attempts to convince Feliciano not to continue his participation in the uprising, arguing that the United States is too big and powerful to overthrow.
Back in the present, Feliciano and “El Negro” hide as they hear Rangers—who they refer to as rinches—approach. They hear gunfire, and after the Rangers depart, the two men find Gumersindo dying from a fatal gunshot wound. Just before dying, Gumersindo makes Feliciano promise not to tell Guálinto how he was murdered, saying “My son. Mustn’t know. Ever. No hate, no hate” (21). Feliciano argues that it is Guálinto’s right to know, but Gumersindo insists.
Feliciano and “El Negro” are forced to leave Gumersindo’s body lest they be discovered as rebels. They wait nearby as a farmer, Don Hermenegildo, and his sons find the body and take it to San Pedrito.
Feliciano, out on the chapparal once again with Lupe, “El Negro,” and others, recounts the cycle of violence between the sediciosos and rinches since the beginning of the rebellion, noting that the Rangers have killed far more people, and especially more civilians. He mourns the losing cause of the sediciosos, whose rebellion is now in its final days. He also notes how Lupe, his younger brother, has taken an outsized leadership role in the rebellion, though he continues to defer to Feliciano per tradition. Lupe tries to convince Feliciano to return to Mexico with him to fight in the Mexican Revolution, saying “It’s a different war over there […] Really good men like you and me can get rich, get to be generals maybe” (25). Feliciano refuses, noting that someone must take care of María and the children.
Lupe continues to evangelize the rebellion, pointing out their sixteen-year-old companion Remigio and his taste for revenge. Just as he says so, Remigio approaches them to say he intends to leave the sediciosos, having grown tired of the fighting. Lupe goads Remigio with the memory of seeing his father and brother murdered by the rinches, and Remigio changes his mind.
“El Negro” then captures two men he accuses of spying on them. One is a white man named Jack Sneed, while the other is a Mexican travelling with him who goes unnamed. Sneed attempts to negotiate their release but is killed by a member of the band. Remigio, whose thirst for vengeance has been fully reignited by Lupe’s goading, mutilates the corpse.
Lupe tells Feliciano to kill Sneed’s Mexican companion. Feliciano initially refuses, but Lupe tells the Mexican where Feliciano lives, forcing his hand. The action follows the band as they travel away from the two men and hear a gunshot, implying that Feliciano has killed the Mexican.
Feliciano leaves the sediciosos after the incident. The grandmother, Feliciano’s mother, dies not long after Gumersindo’s burial. Feliciano fully dedicates himself to caring for his sister María and her three children. Despite this, he soon feels regretful for promising Gumersindo not to tell Guálinto how he died.
He decides to relocate the family to the town of Jonesville-on-the-Grande, a town just west of the Rio Grande delta and the Gulf of Mexico. Texas Rangers are banned from entering Jonesville, whose citizens are mostly Mexican and where even the white residents speak Spanish, so Feliciano hopes the family will be safer there.
Just outside the town, a band of armed “Gringos” stop and accost the family; they have trouble believing the baby Guálinto is Mexican due to his lighter skin. Feliciano sends the family away, but the “Gringos” capture and nearly shoot him. An older white man who is passing by forces the armed men to let Feliciano go. The older man turns out to be Judge Norris, a prominent citizen of Jonesville. He tells Feliciano that the armed men were not rinches but deputized ranch hands, and he assures him that the border is meant to be peaceful now. Guiding Feliciano into town and back to the family, the Judge offers Feliciano a job at a cantina he owns, El Danubio Azul, working for the cantina’s manager Faustino Bello.
The action of George Washington Gómez begins with its focus on MacDougal, a white Texas Ranger who might have been the primary character in a more traditional western adventure novel. Paredes depicts MacDougal’s first quarry on the chapparal, Lupe García, as a stereotypical Mexican bandit, along with his Black companion, who is given no more detailed name than “El Negro.” Just as Paredes introduces these seemingly antagonistic characters, establishing the standard western fare, he subverts the Western tropes by leaving the adventurers behind and instead following Gumersindo, a fair-skinned, redheaded Mexicotexan.
Through hints in the text and in dialogue, the novel places itself in a specific place, time, and political situation. Feliciano reads of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, placing the year as 1914 and foreshadowing WWII. The Rangers’ disdain for the fictional Anacleto de la Peña and the vengeful cause of the sediciosos led hint that they are likely one of many groups using violence to resist the encroachment of Anglo ranchers onto traditionally Tejano (in the novel, “Mexicotexan”) land. This historic resistance was met with extreme retaliation by the Texas Rangers, who killed or drove across the border many more Tejanos.
The birth of the title character also introduces the theme of culturally biased education and its warping effects, as evidenced by the reasons Gumersindo gives for naming his son after George Washington. Gumersindo is said to be the most educated person present at Guálinto’s birth, having been born wealthy in Mexico, yet he still misattributes the end of American slavery to Washington: “Once he crossed a river while it was freezing. He drove out the English and freed the slaves” (16).
Beyond the naming of Guálinto, it is important to note how the novel prioritizes the naming of certain characters, especially along gender and race lines. In the first chapter, the reader is introduced to MacDougal, Lupe, Feliciano, and Gumersindo via their actual names, whereas the sole Black character is only nicknamed as “El Negro,” and Guálinto’s mother and grandmother are given no names at all in the first chapter. While María and her daughters Carmen and Maruca are eventually named, the grandmother—who appears to be the spiritual leader of the family in the first chapters—is not.
The themes of hatred and vengeance are also shown to be incredibly powerful on both sides, with the Texas Rangers under MacDougal eagerly seeking excuses to kill Lupe as well as with the sediciosos’ murder of Jack Sneed in Chapter 4. The peaceful Gumersindo recognizes this hatred is the most malicious plague in his newborn son’s life, as evidenced by his final wish and the promise he extracts from Feliciano as he dies. By sending Guálinto into the world without hate in his heart, Gumersindo hopes to spare his son the same injustice and pain that his family has endured.
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