46 pages • 1 hour read
The story opens in 1751 in the small town of Essendean in the Scottish lowlands. Seventeen-year-old David Balfour, the novel’s narrator and protagonist, has recently lost his father and is left without family or prospects. The local minister tells him that his father’s dying wish was for David to go to an estate called Shaws outside of Edinburgh. He called it “the place [he] came from” (5), and he left a letter for David to take to the lord there, his uncle Ebenezer Balfour.
David was unaware his family had any association with the landed gentry of Scotland. The minister prays for David, embraces him with affection, and gives him some gifts to aid in his journey. His future suddenly looking brighter, David takes a last look back on Essendean before setting off.
After two days of walking, David begins asking about Shaws and is troubled to find people are surprised when he mentions the name. Inquiring further, he finds that even though Shaws is well known, Ebenezer has a terrible reputation and is indeed thought of as “nae kind of man at all” (11). Upset and ashamed that his uncle is so poorly regarded, David almost turns back but decides to push on until he can judge things for himself.
Coming at last to a hill overlooking the estate, he is met by a woman who at the mention of Shaws calls down a curse on the house and his uncle Ebenezer. Though the land around the house is rich and pleasant, the building itself looks like a ruin to David.
The closer he comes, the gloomier the building appears. David’s knocks go unanswered at first; then, after he begins banging and calling aloud, he is greeted by an old man with a blunderbuss menacing him from a window. David shows his letter addressed to Ebenezer, but the old man is uninterested until David shares his name and mentions his father’s death.
The old man invites David into the house and shocks David speechless by revealing he is none other than Ebenezer Balfour. Ebenezer questions David about the letter and what he knows of Shaws. David admits that he only just learned of his uncle’s existence and is unaware of the letter’s contents. He bristles at his uncle’s suggestion that he has come begging and insists that he can get on fine without his uncle’s help. Ebenezer suddenly becomes friendly and escorts David to a room to stay the night. The two men make the journey in darkness, as Ebenezer has a rule against candles and fires in the house.
The next morning, David rises to find his bedroom door locked. Ebenezer lets David out and offers him some hospitality while inundating his nephew with question after question. David begins to feel like he’s being treated more like a thief than a houseguest and threatens to leave. Ebenezer responds by assuring David that they will “agree fine yet” in the end (19).
David spends the day idling about the house and trying to get his uncle to clarify plans he might have for helping David. While in the library, David discovers a note in a book that indicated his father had given the volume to Ebenezer on his fifth birthday. This seems odd to David since the note was written in a well-lettered hand that suggests the writer could not have been younger than the recipient.
The note confuses David so much that he asks his uncle if he and his father were twins. The question sets Ebenezer in a rage. David begins to suspect that his uncle is trying to hide the fact that David’s father was his elder, which would make David the rightful heir to the estate.
Ebenezer calms some of David’s suspicions by suddenly giving his nephew a great sum of money, claiming it is a gift he promised David’s father he would give to David. Ebenezer then requests that David fetch a chest from the tower in the house.
David proceeds carefully up the staircase in pitch dark due to his uncle’s rule about candles. Near the top, the tower is suddenly illuminated by lightning, and David sees that stairs are missing ahead. Convinced his uncle meant for him to fall to his death, David confronts Ebenezer, who collapses in a panic. David administers a dose of heart medicine and then locks his uncle away for the night.
The next morning, David lets his uncle out of his bedroom and demands an explanation. However, a ship’s cabin boy knocks with a letter for Ebenezer. It’s from Captain Hoseason of the ship Covenant asking for orders before they set sail. David agrees to accompany his uncle to Queen’s Ferry to meet with Hoseason, assuming he will be safe in the bustle of the port. On the road, he speaks at length with the cabin boy, Ransome, who brags about the rough and criminal nature of his life on the Covenant. David pities Ransome, who seems more simple-minded than wicked. To David, living on the Covenant sounds like hell itself.
David and Ebenezer meet Captain Hoseason at an inn. David is so taken by the sea and the port that when his uncle suggests that David go and enjoy himself, he leaves Ebenezer alone with Captain Hoseason.
David runs into Ransome and buys him an ale. In the bar, David speaks with the owner and learns that the rumor around town is that Ebenezer killed David’s father for the estate. It is widely known that his father was the elder Balfour son.
This exchange confirms David’s suspicion, and he is thrilled at his good fortune. He then meets Captain Hoseason and his uncle. The captain offers David a drink and a tour of the ship while he and Ebenezer conclude their business. Once they are onboard, however, David sees his uncle rowing away. It’s only then that David realizes his peril and cries out for help before blacking out.
The first section of the novel offers background for the adventure to follow. While each chapter has moments of tension that propel the action forward, the main focus is on introducing the novel’s long-term stakes and the protagonist who will unite its diverse episodes into a single adventure.
Toward the novel’s end, Stevenson will refer to Homer’s Odyssey, a similarly structured story in which a mariner braves challenges on his journey home. As in the Odyssey, each challenge the protagonist encounters has a beginning, middle, and end. They form a cohesive whole because they are steps in his quest to return home and claim his estate. Here, the author establishes the home David will be returning to in his description of Shaws: “The country was pleasant […] the crops, to my eyes, wonderfully good; but the house itself appeared to be a kind of ruin; no road led up to it” (11). This passage sets up the importance of David’s growth. Its significance extends beyond mere personal development. He must become an adult capable of winning Shaws and restoring it to its former glory.
A coming-of-age story told in the first person and past tense, Kidnapped presents David as both a character living through the events and an adult narrating incidents from his youth. The adult David foreshadows not only events to come in the narrative but also ways he had to grow to achieve his objective. The narrator often comments on his past choices and behavior, sometimes quite critically, calling his younger self a “poor fool” (32, 34) or noting that he (wrongly) “had a great opinion of [his] shrewdness” (26). Stevenson employs this tactic often in these early pages, painting the younger David as headstrong, naïve, overconfident, quick to judge, and ignorant of the dangers and ways of the world.
This section also introduces the closest thing Kidnapped has to an antagonist in the character of Ebenezer Balfour. Though he plays a small part in the novel outside of these introductory chapters, Ebenezer looms large over the plot as an inciting factor in its action and as a dark foil to Alan Breck Stewart. As David’s only remaining family, David might expect him to offer a helping hand to guide the young man into self-sufficiency and adulthood. However, not only does he actively work against David, but he also does so in such a dishonorable and clumsy manner that the young man feels contempt for him. As a potential mentor and guide, Ebenezer contrasts with Alan, who will step into the role and guide David literally and metaphorically from adolescence into maturity.
Ebenezer also offers the novel’s first exploration of the relationships between Authority, Treachery, and Justice. Ebenezer’s authority was ill earned and is maintained through treachery. The justice David assumes he will attain through the law is turned upside down. He is deprived not only of his birthright but also of his very freedom. This incident acts as a microcosm of the relationship between the crown and Highlanders, foreshadowing the injustices the novel will explore. Like Ebenezer, the authority that the Campbells won through treachery is used to rob the Stewarts of their birthrights and leads to miscarriages of justice for the benefit of those in power.
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By Robert Louis Stevenson