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Mustafa updated Khaled on his new friend group, many of whom were Libyan exiles. He eventually invited Khaled to one of their dinners. Khaled was shocked to see the mysterious Libyan man from the hospital in attendance.
Afterwards, Mustafa began crying when he and Khaled were alone together on the street. Uneasy, Khaled began talking at length while they walked to the train. Before parting ways, they expressed their love for one another.
In 1990, Khaled learned that his and Mustafa’s mysterious benefactor had been kidnapped, tortured, and killed by Qaddafi’s agents. This was the start “of the end of the Libyan opposition” (204), although Khaled didn’t know it yet. Meanwhile, Mustafa began working for an estate agency. He and Khaled no longer connected over literature. However, they did attend a reading together one night. They were disappointed when the writer condemned Muslims, feeling let down by the writers they’d admired.
Khaled and Mustafa’s friendship changed over the following years. Sometimes they talked about moving abroad. Khaled noticed them becoming “less Arab and a little more Anglo” (208).
After Osama visited Khaled’s family, Khaled called home. They were thrilled to hear Osama’s updates about Khaled’s life, and Khaled offered them more fabricated tales. Finally they arranged a time for the family to visit Khaled.
Khaled’s family stayed in his flat with him. He was careful not to change in front of them so they didn’t see his scar. One day, Khaled told Kamal the truth about the shooting while his mother and sister were out. Kamal cried when he saw Khaled’s scar. They talked secretly about the issue throughout the rest of the visit.
After his family left, Khaled visited Hannah and told her about their visit, promising to introduce them the next time they visited.
Khaled spent Christmas with Hannah’s family the following year. Khaled thought the visit went well. However, Hannah admitted that she often felt distant from Khaled not long after. Although affected by her admission, Khaled didn’t know what to do.
In the years following, Rana moved to Beirut, where she began working with her father. She and Khaled tried staying in touch, but Rana was busy with her new life. She soon fell in love with a man named Hyder and got engaged. Then in 1995, 11 years after the shooting, Rana called Khaled, asking him to come to Paris where she was getting brain surgery. She hadn’t told Hyder or her family about the operation and knew Khaled would understand.
Khaled rented a hotel room in Paris. He was immediately drawn to the concierge, whom he guessed was from North Africa but who went by the name Sam.
Khaled met Rana at the hospital. They spent time together in the hours before the surgery. Khaled tried making jokes to improve her mood.
Khaled enjoyed his time in Paris. He liked being in a new place, enjoyed the hotel, and became friendly with Rana’s nurses. One day he convinced them to give Rana a television and VCR. He then bought films for them to watch before her operation.
Khaled and Rana met with Rana’s doctors before the surgery. Seven hours later, the doctor informed Khaled the operation had gone well but that he couldn’t see Rana yet.
Khaled left the hospital, feeling overcome by longing and excitement. He walked the city for hours before returning to the hotel, where he confronted Sam and accused him of using a fake name. Sam calmly led him outside and suggested they stop at a café together. He mentioned nothing of Libya during their walk.
At the café, Khaled and Sam spoke more openly. Sam revealed he was Hosam Zowa. Khaled was shocked, and began speaking at length about his childhood in Libya and hearing Hosam’s story on the BBC. He also told him about the shooting. The more he talked, the more emotional he became, still overwhelmed that he was with Hosam.
Khaled and Hosam continued their conversation, discussing literature, teaching, and writing. Hosam accepted Khaled’s compliments on his short story, but hadn’t written in years.
That night, Khaled had a pleasant dream about being with a friend. The next morning, he was disappointed that Hosam wasn’t at the hotel desk. His replacement informed Khaled that Hosam was on vacation. Khaled assumed he had fled. Afterwards, he called Hannah on a payphone to say he’d been thinking about her. They hadn’t talked in weeks.
At the hotel, Khaled found a note from Hosam asking him to meet at the café again that evening. He would later learn that Hosam had asked his brother Waleed to investigate Khaled, to ensure that he was who he said he was. Back at the café, the new companions resumed their conversation, talking about Mohammed Mustafa Ramadan and friendship.
Khaled and Hosam spent more time together over the following days. One day, Khaled noticed how Hosam’s demeanor changed when he asked more about writing.
Khaled visited Rana once she was released from intensive care. One day, she was on the phone with Hyder when he arrived. She passed Khaled the phone and Hyder told him he was coming to visit.
Hyder called Khaled again to make arrangements for his arrival. He thanked Khaled for his kindness to Rana.
On Khaled’s last day in Paris, he and Hosam visited the Jardin sauvage Saint-Vincent. While there, Hosam revealed he’d been at the embassy demonstration. Overwhelmed, Khaled was unsure how to process this revelation. Khaled wanted to ask why he’d fled the scene, but didn’t.
Khaled and Hyder helped Rana move into a hotel after her hospital release. The three went out for dinner the night before Khaled left Paris. Khaled closely observed Rana and Hyder’s intimacy throughout the meal. Afterwards, Khaled and Rana hugged goodbye and Khaled thanked her for trusting him.
Khaled and Hosam went out for drinks after he parted with Rana. While walking, Hosam told him about a woman he’d fallen for but hadn’t pursued, because of his ongoing affair with an Irish woman named Claire, who had recently moved to London and worked with a charity that aided asylum seekers.
Khaled met up with Mustafa and told him about befriending Hosam. When they said goodbye, Khaled felt distant from his friend. Afterwards, he called Hannah, desperate for some relief from what he was feeling.
Hosam contacted Khaled to inform him he was visiting London. They met up and Hosam took him to meet Claire, with whom Khaled immediately got along.
Khaled left his flat and job in Paris and moved to London. Shortly thereafter, he secured an apartment next door to Khaled. Their proximity thrilled Khaled.
At Khaled’s flat one day, Hosam exclaimed at how many books Khaled owned, insisting it was unnecessary. The friends got into an argument. Khaled wanted Hosam to start writing again, but Hosam resisted.
Khaled walks from St. James’s Square to Hyde Park. His mind returns to 1996, when Hosam moved in next door. They spent all of their time together, taking walks and talking about ideas. Hosam showed Khaled a map he’d made of all the places in the city where famous writers had spent time. They started visiting these sites together.
Over the following months, Hosam and Claire began spending more time together. Finally Hosam decided to move in with Claire. Khaled was disappointed that Hosam would no longer be in his neighborhood.
In the years following, Khaled, Hosam, and Mustafa settled into their individual lives. Then one night, they all met up, inviting Claire and Hannah, too. Khaled was moved when Mustafa gave Hannah a book.
Khaled, Hosam, and Mustafa began meeting regularly at Café Cyrano. One day in April 2010, Hosam toasted the anniversary of Mohammed’s death. He then spoke at length about the assassination.
Khaled’s life in England and his visit to France develop his relationships with Mustafa, Rana, and Hosam. The novel in turn uses each of these interpersonal dynamics to develop its explorations of The Enduring Bonds of Friendship. Khaled and Mustafa have been bonded by their shared experience of the 1984 embassy demonstration and shooting. Although years have passed since the event, they continue to remain close. Their sustained connection reveals how true friendship lasts in spite of how “life […] just keeps on and on and on, without a pause” (202). Their friendship changes as they experience new seasons of life, but they continue to feel as if the other has “no idea how much [they] love [one another]” and that they “would do anything for [each other]” (202). Their friendship is thus more powerful than the passage of time.
Meanwhile, Khaled’s relationship with Rana conveys how parallel experiences might also tighten the bonds of particular friendships. Khaled and Rana have not remained in close physical proximity over the years, and have had a harder time keeping in touch than Khaled and Mustafa. However, Khaled is the first and only person Rana contacts about her brain surgery in 1995. Eleven years prior, Rana was the only person who knew about Khaled’s involvement in the demonstration and the wounds he sustained. She kept his secret and protected and cared for him during this era. These actions were Rana’s way of being a friend to Khaled.
When Rana gets sick, she tells Khaled, “I thought you especially would understand” (222). Khaled and Rana’s situations aren’t precisely the same, but they parallel each other. Both of the friends have gone through personal crises that they fear revealing to their loved ones, yet need support throughout. Their friendship therefore captures the importance of trust in close relationships, and how such trust might allow a friendship to survive over time. Furthermore, Rana’s decision to invite Khaled to Paris and entrust him with her secret and her well-being is to Khaled “the greatest compliment anyone has ever paid [him]” (268). The novel is thus illustrating how reciprocal communication and trust might validate the individual’s worth and buoy his spirit.
Khaled’s newfound friendship with Hosam nuances the novel’s overarching explorations of friendship and intimacy. Their dynamic contrasts with Khaled’s friendships with Mustafa and Rana because they’re new companions and didn’t meet within the university context. However, Khaled and Hosam have a mysterious connection, fostered by Khaled’s attachment to Hosam’s writing and Hosam’s attendance at the 1984 demonstration. From the start of their relationship in Paris, Khaled feels “certain that [Hosam] […] underst[ands] [him] perfectly” (244). As a result, the two develop an easy dynamic in the weeks and months following, with their shared love of literature adding another dimension to the novel’s motif of books and reading.
The novel uses the gradual unfolding of Khaled and Hosam’s friendship to illustrate how unexpected friendships might emerge amidst trying circumstances. Just as Hosam’s writing came to Khaled at “such a crucial moment in [his] life” (243), Hosam has emerged in person at a time when Khaled needs his friendship. Their companionship offers Khaled a connection to his home country and past, while also validating his life and work in England.
These three interpersonal connections afford Khaled a more grounded sense of himself. The dream Khaled has in Chapter 63 captures how Khaled’s friendships are impacting him in a positive way. The dream has “no story or event,” just an image of Khaled “walking together with a friend” (249). Despite the dream’s seeming banality, it “could not have been more vivid” and makes Khaled feel “completely at ease” (249). This dream conveys Khaled’s state of mind when he’s surrounded by people he loves and trusts. Characters like Mustafa, Rana, and Hosam offer him a sense of grounding in reality, authenticating his existence despite the sociopolitical unrest that defines Khaled’s wider sphere.
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