41 pages • 1 hour read
Summary
Chapter Summaries & Analyses
Character Analysis
Themes
Symbols & Motifs
Important Quotes
Essay Topics
Tools
Chapter 4 introduces Dovey and Steward Morgan. Steward and Dovey can never have children. Steward is in a heated, ongoing debate about what the faded inscription on the Oven says. This conflict highlights a growing division between Ruby’s older and younger generations. The only words left on the Oven read “the Furrow of His Brow.” Some argue the missing first word is “Beware,” while others believe it is “Be.” As they dispute the words, they dispute the meaning as well.
Steward thinks of the stories passed down to him about the original families of Haven. After Steward’s grandfather—Zechariah “Big Papa” Morgan—has a spiritual encounter, a mystical man in a black suit guides the people’s journey for a place to settle. When he leads them to a trapped guinea fowl nearby, it is a sign that they have arrived. His brother Deek remembers how the elders of Haven used to size up other Black towns. He reflects on the deal Ruby has with God that no one has died in the town since its namesake.
Anna Flood and Reverend Richard Misner discuss how the Morgans basically own the town as one of the 15 founding families and as bank owners. Reverend Misner says that the people of Ruby live on credit, while Anna believes everything is communally owned. Anna worries about Billie Delia, who has vanished. When a lost white family stops by for help, they warn them about the coming blizzard, but the family continues on anyway. Later, we learn that they die in the storm.
Sweetie—Jefferson’s wife and Arnold’s daughter-in-law—is tired of domestic life. One morning, she just leaves. Meanwhile, Seneca is hitchhiking when she sees Sweetie walk by in the blizzard. Moved by what she thinks are tears, Seneca jumps out and follows her to the Convent. There, Sweetie runs a fever but regrets coming and resists the women’s care. Eventually, Anna Flood and Jeff come to get her. Seneca stays and tries to be equally agreeable with Mavis and Gigi, who are always at odds.
Seneca had an abusive boyfriend named Eddie Turtle, who went to prison. After visiting his mother, who refuses to hire him a lawyer, Seneca leaves. There in Wichita, she is offered a mysterious job by a fabulous lady in a limousine. She agrees and spends three weeks living in luxury but is treated as an undignified sexual “pet.” In the end, she is offered some clothes and 500 dollars and is again lost in Wichita. She is hitchhiking when she sees Sweetie walking alone in the cold.
Reverend Senior Pulliam gives a scathing sermon at K.D. and Arnette’s wedding about how love should be taken seriously and earned. Reverend Misner disagrees with this outlook and is furious. When his turn comes to officiate, he holds up a cross in silence. K.D. wants to get the wedding over with; after years, Gigi never returned his affections, so he is finally marrying Arnette. This marriage promises to end the animosity between the families about the baby who died. Billie Delia dislikes K.D. Billie has an unfair reputation for promiscuity because she publicly removed her panties to ride a horse when she was a child. Billie has also spent time at the Convent after fighting with her mother.
Reverend Misner’s silent act has reignited the very unrest the wedding sought to quell. The Convent women are invited to the wedding reception at Soane’s house. Gigi, Seneca, Mavis, and the new girl, Pallas Truelove, come without Connie. Dressed immodestly and dancing provocatively, their presence unsettles the other guests. Reverend Misner laments that the people of Ruby have become increasingly intolerant, disagreeable, and obsessive over the past. The Convent women are asked to leave. On the drive home, Gigi and Mavis argue about the upset they caused at the wedding, and the argument turns into a fistfight on the side of the road. When they get home, Mavis reflects on how she has changed since she left home, now able to defend herself and capable of cooking a good meal.
Sixteen-year-old Pallas ran away with her adult boyfriend Carlos, a sculptor and janitor at her school. They stayed with her mother, named Divine (a.k.a. “Dee Dee”). When Dee and Carlos started an affair, Pallas ran away again. Seneca brings Pallas to Connie, who is drinking in the basement cellar. Sitting on Connie’s lap, the previously speechless Pallas lets loose her tears and shares what happened to her. When she ran away the second time, she hid in a lake from some boys who had likely sexually assaulted her. Wandering, she hitchhiked with a truckful of Indigenous men and a woman with a baby. Later, the clinic closed before she could get help, but Billie Delia met her and took her to the Convent.
That night, Arnette shows up at the Convent, violent and looking for her dead baby. She had given birth there, but it had died shortly after. In the chaos, Arnette bites Pallas in the neck. Once she leaves, the women head to bed.
Patricia Best Cato, a teacher at the school, is preparing for the school’s Christmas play. Pat has been constructing Ruby family trees. Nine original families traveled to Haven: the Blackhorses, Morgans, Pooles, Fleetwoods, Beauchamps, Catos, Floods, and two DuPres families. Others accompanied them or joined along the way, like the orphan Lone DuPres, found by the travelers as a baby. Patricia ponders Zechariah Morgan’s name, whose first name was originally “Coffee.” Patricia labels the original nine families with the symbol “8-R” (“eight-rock, a deep, deep level in the coal mines”) (193) to connote their very dark skin. The constant rejections on their journey—what they called “the Disallowing”— were likely due to colorism from light-skinned Black people. When the New Fathers and their families moved to Ruby, they enforced 8-rock purity. Pat’s father, Roger Best, was the first to break the rule when he married her light-skinned mother, Delia.
Pat has a tense relationship with her daughter, Billie Delia Cato, who she thinks is promiscuous. Pat imagines the town would have been more forgiving of Billie’s horse incident had she been 8-rock. Nathan DuPres delivers the opening words before the Christmas play. He speaks about a dreamlike encounter with a disappearing Indigenous man in a field.
The Nativity play mirrors the story of Haven. The children, arranged in seven couples, are turned away from an inn. During the play, Reverend Misner asks Pat if he could speak with Billie Delia about a conflict among the Pooles; Pat declines. They discuss the generational rift in Ruby. Reverend Misner has misgivings about the town, and he wonders which families have been denied representation in the nativity play, as there are seven couples rather than nine. He talks to Pat about the importance of having a real home. At the play’s end, Anna comes straight for Reverend Misner, irritated that Pat—the only other eligible woman for him—might infringe on her courtship with Misner.
Afterward, Pat also wonders why there were only seven pairs in the play. She knows the first missing family is the Catos, whose line got cut after her husband, Billy, died. She asks her father, Roger, about the seven pairs, but he isn’t much help. Pat knows there is more colorism and discrimination beneath this issue too. Without thinking, she tosses the family histories into the fire.
Chapters 4-6 demonstrate the significant role of religion in Paradise. Toni Morrison uses Christianity—by way of the disagreeing three congregations and their ministers and through discourses of holiness and purity—to draw out the conflicts in Ruby. The theme connects all the way back to the Old Fathers and their families. For example, the story of those families wandering the early United States in search of a town to settle directly mirrors the ancient story of the Israelites wandering the desert for 40 years. Just as Moses served as their leader, Zechariah leads the people of soon-to-be Haven. They are guided by a mystical man in a black suit who sometimes appears in nature. This echoes the biblical journey in the book of Exodus, where God led the Israelites using similarly mystical means: a pillar of clouds by day and a pillar of fire by night.
The story of Haven also draws from the biblical book of Genesis, where Jewish patriarch Abraham calls his son Isaac with him to a remote location. Likewise, in Chapter 4, “Big Papa” wakes his son Rector to pray with him in the forest. This same biblical incident is evoked again when the Haven travelers find a struggling trapped guinea fowl to signify that they have reached their destination. Likewise, when the “Angel of the Lord” interrupts Abraham before he sacrifices his son in obedience to God, there appears a ram caught in the thicket, meant to take his place. Further, Morrison even uses the children’s Nativity play in Chapter 6 to illustrate how the original wandering families mirror Mary and Joseph (the parents of Jesus) when they were refused refuge at an inn. These are just a few of many more evocations of biblical moments in Paradise, in addition to a nearly biblical attention to genealogies in Chapter 6 or streets named after disciples of Jesus. These details are important because religion is not only integral to the novel at a narrative level but also at a meta-narrative level. By invoking a sacred text that spans centuries, Morrison affords Paradise a similar gravity. The comparison emphasizes the sense of history among the families in the novel, the depth of Haven and Ruby’s lore, and its seriousness to the characters involved. Like the bible, the novel is easily unwieldy, with countless characters and covering a century of change. Strategically, Morrison does not just write about Christian characters but integrates that religion into the novel’s framing.
Morrison’s emphasis here on the religious aspect coincides with a turning point in the relationship between Ruby and the women at the Convent. When Seneca follows Sweetie, she tries to help, but Sweetie is unresponsive. Mishearing Seneca’s name, Sweetie thinks that she is walking with “sin.” This reflects the judgments that are beginning to escalate in town about the “outsiders” at the Convent. Arnette and K.D.’s wedding reception is meant to reconcile the Morgans and the Fleetwoods, but the Convent women’s carefree behavior and revealing clothes threaten the decency of the event. In this scene, Morrison abruptly switches the narration from the past tense to the present tense: “The Convent girls are dancing; throwing their arms over their heads, they do this and that and then the other.” (157). As the present tense interrupts the past tense, so do these women interrupt the expectations for the reception. Further, they also pose an interruption of the present moment—women’s growing liberation, inclusion and diversity, a carefree attitude—into the past moment—where the elders cling to propriety and tradition. They exacerbate the growing tensions in Ruby between the youth’s new ideas and the elders’ old ones.
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By Toni Morrison