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Names are important throughout the novel, especially concerning character development. In the first section, Evelina recognizes the power of names when she calls Mary Anita Sister Godzilla. This act of childish cruelty grows larger than Evelina can handle until Mary Anita finally snaps after Corwin brings the wind-up toy to class. Evelina distinctly remembers this event as the first time she tasted regret, learning just how much names can hurt other people if used maliciously. Similarly, Antone cannot bring himself to name his first love, calling her simply C. Because of the pain she has caused him, Antone refuses to name her. In the very last paragraph of the penultimate section, Antone finally names Cordelia, but only after he also labels her as racist..
Names allow characters to relate to one another, tying them together almost as if through possession. When Marn lives on her family’s compound with Billy and his cult, she is forbidden from using the names she originally gave her children. In an act of defiance, Marn uses their names in secret when they are alone together. “I still had names for my children, though children’s names were now forbidden. Mine were their old names, now secret names. I think that their father had forgotten what they were called” (167). This secret Marn keeps from Billy demonstrates the importance names hold in their ability to connect the characters of the novel. Names become powerful and even dangerous acts of rebellion against patriarchal male rule. Marn using her children’s names represents her first act of defiance against the insane advice of her husband as her maternal bonds with her children override her husband’s abuse. Ultimately, it is her children’s names that give her the strength to kill Billy and leave the compound, as Marn repeats them to herself in order to steel her will against that of her husband.
Many other characters also repeat names in ways that appear spiritual. Before Seraph begins his story about the lynching, “[he] repeated the name Holy Track several times, his voice trailing” (57). Seraph cannot escape from the power of Holy Track’s name and even seems as though the power of the name compels him to recite the story. Holy Track’s name also becomes like a prayer, similar to Marn’s children’s names, in which the name itself gives Seraph the power to tell this deeply traumatic story. However, it is interesting that this name does not represent Holy Track’s actual name, which seems to have been lost, but rather the name that the community gave to him. In this way, the spirituality of Holy Track’s name seems to stem from the interconnectivity of the characters. Therefore, the spirituality of the novel relies upon this interconnectivity as reflected by the prevalence and importance given to various characters’ names.
Stamps and letters appear throughout the novel, both in the stamp-collecting passions of Evelina’s paternal line and the letter-mailing of Seraph and various other characters. Letters themselves represent a way for characters to connect to one another, not just through the actual communication of emotions and stories between two characters, but also in their tangible capacity as remnants of the past. That is, letters can be read by future generations, effectively connecting deceased characters to their living kin via the relay of stories. The stamps that mark these letters, some of which are collected and lusted after by the book’s various ancillary stamp-collecting characters, also represent familial future as they can be passed from one generation to the next. The importance placed on stamps then reiterates the importance of intergenerational communication via the continued tradition of passing on the stories of the past.
Ultimately, the unraveling of the murder mystery itself concludes with a letter. Cordelia admits to finding a love letter from Tobek in her sister’s belongings, which makes her believe that he could never be the murderer. “The valentine has always told me that the boy’s name should not have been scratched from the war memorial. Not only were innocent people hanged, unbearably murdered for nobody’s justice, but even that boy was not the killer after all” (308). Cordelia finds truth in this letter, a truth that most other people around her do not know. Most of the town and the surrounding area believes Tobek to have been the murderer, and therefore blames Tobek for the deaths of Holy Track and the others. However, Cordelia knows this to be untrue. In this way, letters possess the unique quality of unveiling the truth, or at the very least, a kind of truth given truth’s apparent relativity within the novel. Stories that letters tell possess the capacity to answer seemingly unanswerable questions, or, at the very least, allow Cordelia to look in another direction when attempting to ascertain the identity of her family’s murderer.
Boundaries are very important to the geographic location of the novel, especially considering the boundaries between the reservation and the surrounding, dying towns. In this way, the author constructs geographic boundaries between the living and the dead. However, the interconnectivity of the characters’ histories often obfuscate this boundary, as the dead’s actions have consequences for those who remain alive. Similarly, the author overthrows the notions of physical boundaries within the novel, demonstrating characters’ abilities to slip between man-made delineations. When Shamengwa waits for his violin, he reflects on the nature of boundaries, “I began to understand why people said of the lake there is no end to it, when of course, as I always thought, it was bounded by rocks. But there were rivers flowing in and flowing out, secret currents, six kinds of weather working on its surface and a hidden terrain underneath. Each wave washed in from somewhere unseen and washed right out again to go somewhere unknown” (205-206). As a human being, Shamengwa believes he can place delineations upon nature by marking its boundaries. However, once he comes face-to-face with the sheer vastness of nature, he finds any attempts at man-made boundaries to be futile. In this way, interconnectivity supersedes man’s attempt to categorize various aspects of society and nature, as no such designations exist within nature. Therefore, the importance the author places on the ability to slip between boundaries reflects the interconnectivity evident within the environment.
Dust appears throughout the novel as it relates to both spirituality and nature. The land on which the characters live often faces years of drought during which the dust covers the earth. This dust usually directly precedes an important event, such as Marn meeting Billy Peace or Seraph meeting Junesse. However, dust also has spiritual connotations within the Judeo-Christian mythos, as humans are believed to be created from dust and will one day return. The author demonstrates the degree of human frailty associated with the struggle to survive through the omnipresence of dust within the novel.
Dust is also usually related to those things that are manmade, such as Evelina’s father’s stamps, which ultimately turn into dust. “When [her father] lifted the stamp with a tweezers, it fell into a little heap of incredibly precious dust, which he caught as it sifted down […] He asked me to come with him to the back door and watch half a million dollars vanish” (266). In the unyielding face of nature, all that is manmade will crumble into nothingness, as demonstrated here by the stamps. Specifically, the author refutes the importance that Anglo-Westerners place on money, as stamps are related to money. However, like humanity itself, stamps and money will ultimately turn to dust. The author then suggests that dust is linked to death, making the audience connect its omnipresence with the dying nature of the town. Essentially, the author renders most things, especially those that are constructed by man, as having the capacity to return to dust. The people and their work will eventually turn to dust as death exists everywhere, leaving only the traumatic reverberations of their past to affect future individuals.
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By Louise Erdrich